Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What does Exodus 19:22 mean when it says the priests must 'sanctify themselves'?
A: The verse teaches that the priests (Kohanim) who serve in the Mishkan (Tabernacle) or later in the Beit HaMikdash (Temple) must purify themselves spiritually and physically before approaching Hashem. Rashi explains that this includes immersion in a mikveh (ritual bath), washing garments, and avoiding impurity. Sanctification prepares them for holy service.
Q: Why does the verse warn that Hashem might 'break forth upon them' if they don't sanctify themselves?
A: The Rambam (Hilchot Bi'at HaMikdash 2:1-2) explains that approaching Hashem's presence without proper preparation is a serious offense. The 'breaking forth' refers to divine punishment, emphasizing the extreme holiness of the Mishkan/Temple service. The Midrash (Shemot Rabbah 19:19) compares it to entering a king's palace uninvited—disrespect invites consequences.
Q: Does Exodus 19:22 apply to Jews today?
A: While the Temple service is currently suspended, the principle remains relevant. The Talmud (Yoma 39a) derives from this verse that all Jews must approach prayer and Torah study with reverence. Today, Kohanim still observe certain sanctity laws (e.g., avoiding cemeteries), and all Jews prepare for prayer by washing hands and focusing their hearts (Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chaim 4:1).
Q: What practical steps did the priests take to 'sanctify themselves'?
A: According to the Mishnah (Yoma 3:3-4), Kohanim immersed in a mikveh, washed their hands and feet at the Laver (Kiyor), and wore special linen garments. Rashi (on Exodus 29:4) adds that sanctification included abstaining from wine (see Vayikra 10:9) and distancing from impurity. The Talmud (Zevachim 19b) states they also had proper intention (kavanah) for service.
Q: Why does the verse mention priests specifically? Aren't all Jews holy?
A: While all Jews are a 'kingdom of priests' (Exodus 19:6), the Kohanim have additional responsibilities in Temple service. The Ramban explains that their proximity to the Holy of Holies requires extra sanctity. However, the Sforno notes that this verse reminds everyone—even those with special holiness—to continually elevate themselves when approaching Hashem.
Context of the Verse
This verse appears in Shemot (Exodus) 19:22, during the preparations for Matan Torah (the Giving of the Torah) at Har Sinai. The Kohanim (priests) are instructed to sanctify themselves before approaching Hashem, lest they suffer severe consequences due to insufficient spiritual preparation.
Rashi's Explanation
Rashi explains that the term "הכהנים" (the priests) here refers not to the later Kohanim of the Mishkan and Beit HaMikdash, but to the Bechorim (firstborn sons), who served as priests before the sin of the Golden Calf. They needed extra sanctification because of their elevated role in the divine service at that time.
Rashi further notes that the warning "פן־יפרץ בהם ה'" (lest the Lord break forth upon them) implies that improper approach could lead to death, emphasizing the severity of coming close to the Divine Presence without proper preparation.
Rambam's Perspective
Rambam (Maimonides), in Hilchot Bi'at HaMikdash, discusses the concept of Kedushat HaKohanim (sanctity of the priests). He explains that approaching Hashem requires not only physical purity but also spiritual readiness. This verse serves as a foundational principle for the laws of priestly conduct in the Mishkan and Beit HaMikdash.
Midrashic Insights
Halachic Implications
The verse establishes a halachic principle that applies to all generations: those who serve in sacred roles must maintain a higher standard of holiness. This includes:
Chassidic Interpretation
The Baal Shem Tov teaches that this verse also applies metaphorically to every Jew's approach to prayer and Torah study. Just as the priests needed sanctification, we must prepare our hearts and minds before engaging in spiritual pursuits to connect properly with Hashem.