Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What does Deuteronomy 10:18 teach us about G-d's character?
A: Deuteronomy 10:18 teaches that G-d is deeply concerned with justice and kindness, especially for the vulnerable in society—orphans, widows, and strangers. The verse highlights that G-d actively upholds their rights ('executes judgment') and shows love by providing for their basic needs ('food and clothing'). This reflects G-d's attribute of compassion (Midrash Sifrei).
Q: Why does the Torah emphasize caring for orphans, widows, and strangers?
A: The Torah repeatedly emphasizes caring for orphans, widows, and strangers because they are among the most vulnerable members of society. Rashi explains that since they often lack protectors or advocates, G-d takes special responsibility for them. By commanding us to emulate this (Deuteronomy 10:19), the Torah teaches that righteousness is measured by how we treat those who cannot repay us (Talmud, Bava Metzia 59b).
Q: How can we apply Deuteronomy 10:18 in daily life?
A: We can apply this verse by actively supporting those in need, such as donating to orphanages, assisting widows, or welcoming newcomers (gerim) into our communities. Rambam (Mishneh Torah, Laws of Gifts to the Poor) teaches that providing food and clothing—like the verse mentions—is a fundamental form of charity. The verse reminds us that kindness to the vulnerable is a direct imitation of G-d's ways (Imitatio Dei).
Q: What does 'loving the stranger' mean in this verse?
A: 'Loving the stranger' (וְאֹהֵב גֵּר) means showing active kindness and inclusion to those who may feel like outsiders. The Talmud (Gerim 3:4) explains that this includes helping strangers integrate socially and materially, as the verse specifies by mentioning 'food and clothing.' Since the Jewish people were once strangers in Egypt (Deuteronomy 10:19), we are reminded to treat others with empathy.
Q: Why does the verse mention both 'judgment' (מִשְׁפַּט) and 'love' (אֹהֵב)?
A: The combination of 'judgment' and 'love' teaches that true justice requires both fairness and compassion. Orphans and widows often need legal protection (מִשְׁפַּט), while strangers need emotional support (אֹהֵב). The Sforno explains that G-d models this balance: defending the rights of the oppressed while also tenderly providing for their needs. This guides us to pursue justice with kindness.
Verse Context and Meaning
The verse (Devarim 10:18) describes Hashem's attributes of justice and kindness, particularly toward the vulnerable members of society: the orphan, the widow, and the stranger (ger). This aligns with the Torah's repeated emphasis on protecting those who lack natural advocates.
Rashi's Commentary
Rashi explains that "עֹשֶׂה מִשְׁפַּט יָתוֹם וְאַלְמָנָה" ("he executes the judgment of the fatherless and widow") means Hashem ensures justice for those who are easily oppressed, as they often have no one to defend them. He further notes that "וְאֹהֵב גֵּר" ("and loves the stranger") refers to Hashem's special affection for converts (gerim), who have left their previous lives to embrace Torah.
Rambam's Perspective
In Hilchot De'ot (6:4), Rambam teaches that imitating Hashem's ways includes showing kindness to the vulnerable. Just as Hashem provides "לֶחֶם וְשִׂמְלָה" ("food and raiment") to the stranger, we must actively support those in need, ensuring their basic necessities are met.
Midrashic Insights
Halachic Implications
The Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De'ah 251:1) rules that supporting orphans, widows, and strangers takes precedence in tzedakah, as the Torah repeatedly commands their protection. The verse thus serves as a foundation for Jewish communal obligations toward the vulnerable.
Moral Lesson
This verse teaches that true righteousness involves both justice (mishpat) and loving-kindness (chesed). By emulating Hashem's care for the marginalized, we fulfill the mitzvah of "וְהָלַכְתָּ בִּדְרָכָיו" ("walking in His ways")—Devarim 28:9.