Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What does Deuteronomy 17:17 mean when it says a king should not multiply wives?
A: The Torah warns that a king should not take too many wives because it may lead his heart astray from serving Hashem properly. Rashi explains that having many wives could lead to foreign influences, as they might bring idolatrous practices (Devarim 17:17, Rashi). The Rambam (Hilchot Melachim 3:2) also states that a king should not exceed 18 wives, based on King David's example.
Q: Why does the Torah restrict a king from accumulating too much silver and gold?
A: The Torah limits a king's wealth to prevent arrogance and greed, which could make him forget his dependence on Hashem. The Sifrei (Devarim 17:17) teaches that excessive wealth could lead a king to prioritize material gain over justice and Torah values. The Rambam (Hilchot Melachim 4:6) emphasizes that a king must remain humble and focused on leading the people according to Torah law.
Q: How does Deuteronomy 17:17 apply to Jewish leaders today?
A: While this verse specifically addresses kings, the principles apply to all leaders—avoiding excess in personal desires (such as wealth or power) to stay focused on Torah values. The Talmud (Sanhedrin 21b) discusses how King Solomon’s many wives led him astray, serving as a lesson for leaders to maintain balance and prioritize spiritual responsibilities over material indulgence.
Q: What is the connection between a king's wives and his heart turning away?
A: The Torah links multiple wives to the risk of a king’s heart straying because foreign wives might introduce idolatrous beliefs (as seen with King Solomon). Rashi (Devarim 17:17) notes that 'his heart will turn away' refers to being influenced by their practices. The Midrash Tanchuma (Mishpatim 8) warns that personal relationships can shape one’s spiritual direction.
Q: Does Deuteronomy 17:17 mean a king cannot be wealthy at all?
A: No, the verse prohibits excessive accumulation ('לא ירבה לו מאד'—'he shall not greatly multiply'), not moderate wealth. The Rambam (Hilchot Melachim 4:6) explains that a king may have enough for his needs and to honor his position, but hoarding wealth beyond necessity is forbidden. The focus is on avoiding greed and maintaining proper priorities.
Prohibition Against Excessive Wives and Wealth for a King
The verse (Devarim 17:17) establishes two key restrictions for a Jewish king: he may not take too many wives, nor may he amass excessive silver and gold. These commandments are given to prevent the king's heart from turning away from Hashem.
Limitation on Wives
Rashi explains that the Torah specifies "he shall not multiply wives to himself" to teach that a king may not take wives for personal pleasure or political alliances beyond what is necessary. The Talmud (Sanhedrin 21a) states that the maximum number permitted is 18 wives, based on King David's household. Rambam (Hilchos Melachim 3:2) rules that even fewer than 18 is preferable if the king can control his desires.
Limitation on Wealth
The second half of the verse prohibits excessive accumulation of silver and gold. Rambam (Hilchos Melachim 4:6) explains that a king should only collect enough wealth to maintain his royal needs and support his soldiers, not for personal hoarding.
Underlying Principle
The Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 503) explains that these restrictions remind the king that he is subject to the same Torah as all Jews. By limiting his personal indulgences, the Torah ensures the king remains focused on his true role: serving Hashem and leading the nation with justice and humility.