Exodus 12:49 - Torah unites native and stranger

Understanding the Verse

The verse "תּוֹרָה אַחַת יִהְיֶה לָאֶזְרָח וְלַגֵּר הַגָּר בְּתוֹכְכֶם" (Shemot 12:49) establishes the principle that the Torah’s laws apply equally to both native-born Israelites (ezrach) and converts or resident strangers (ger). This underscores the universality and impartiality of Torah law.

Rashi’s Commentary

Rashi explains that this verse teaches that a ger (convert or stranger) who undergoes circumcision and accepts the mitzvot is considered equal to a native-born Jew in all matters of Torah. He emphasizes that the same obligations and privileges apply to both, reinforcing the idea that Torah is a unifying force for all who embrace it.

Rambam’s Perspective

In Hilchot Issurei Biah (14:4), the Rambam elaborates that a ger tzedek (righteous convert) is fully integrated into the Jewish people, with no distinction in halachic status. He cites this verse as proof that a convert is obligated in all mitzvot, just as a native-born Jew is, and is entitled to the same spiritual rewards.

Midrashic Insights

The Mechilta (a halachic midrash on Shemot) comments on this verse, stating that it comes to counter any misconception that a ger might have a lesser connection to Torah. The midrash highlights that the Torah’s laws are binding and inclusive, ensuring no division between Jews by birth and those who join the nation through conversion.

Halachic Implications

• Equal Obligations: Both ezrach and ger are equally bound by mitzvot, including positive commandments and prohibitions.
• Social Integration: The verse mandates that converts must be treated with the same respect and dignity as native-born Jews, as seen in numerous Talmudic discussions (e.g., Bava Metzia 58b).
• Spiritual Equality: A convert’s soul is considered as intrinsically connected to Hashem as that of a Jew by birth, as taught in Kiddushin 70b.

Philosophical Significance

This verse reflects the Torah’s emphasis on unity and justice. The Sages teach that the ger is especially beloved to Hashem because they chose to join the Jewish people voluntarily. Thus, the Torah repeatedly commands kindness to the stranger, reinforcing the principle of "תּוֹרָה אַחַת"—one law for all.