share torah logo

Exodus 1:3 - Tribes' birthrights questioned?

Exodus 1:3 - שמות 1:3

Hebrew Text

יִשָּׂשכָר זְבוּלֻן וּבְנְיָמִן׃

English Translation

Yissakhar, Zevulun, and Binyamin;

Transliteration

Yissakhar Zvulun u'Venjamin.

Hebrew Leining Text

יִשָּׂשכָ֥ר זְבוּלֻ֖ן וּבִנְיָמִֽן׃
יִשָּׂשכָ֥ר זְבוּלֻ֖ן וּבִנְיָמִֽן׃

🎵 Listen to leining

Parasha Commentary

The Tribes of Yissakhar, Zevulun, and Binyamin

The verse listing these three tribes—Yissakhar, Zevulun, and Binyamin—appears in various contexts in Tanach, such as in the blessings of Yaakov (Bereishit 49) and Moshe (Devarim 33), as well as in descriptions of the encampments of Bnei Yisrael (Bamidbar 2). Each tribe has unique spiritual and communal roles, as expounded upon by Chazal.

Yissakhar: The Tribe of Torah Scholarship

Rashi (Bereishit 49:14) explains that Yissakhar was known for his dedication to Torah study, likening him to a "strong-boned donkey" who bears the yoke of Torah day and night. The Midrash (Bereishit Rabbah 99:9) describes the partnership between Yissakhar and Zevulun, where Zevulun engaged in commerce to support Yissakhar’s Torah learning, and both shared the reward.

Zevulun: The Tribe of Commerce and Support

Zevulun’s blessing (Devarim 33:18) highlights his role in maritime trade, as Rashi notes. The Talmud (Megillah 16a) praises Zevulun for sustaining Torah scholars, fulfilling the pasuk (Mishlei 3:18), "It is a tree of life to those who grasp it." The partnership between Zevulun and Yissakhar serves as a model for the interdependence of material and spiritual success in Klal Yisrael.

Binyamin: The Tribe of Integrity and the Beit HaMikdash

Binyamin is described as a "ravenous wolf" (Bereishit 49:27), which Rashi interprets as a reference to his future descendants, such as Mordechai and Esther, who stood firm against enemies. Additionally, Binyamin’s portion in Eretz Yisrael included the site of the Beit HaMikdash (Yoma 12a), symbolizing his unique connection to the Divine Presence.

Spiritual Lessons from Their Union

  • Torah and Parnassah: The Yissakhar-Zevulun dynamic teaches that supporting Torah is as meritorious as learning it (Sifri Devarim 33:18).
  • Mesirut Nefesh: Binyamin’s role in housing the Shechinah demonstrates the importance of self-sacrifice for kedushah.
  • Unity: Their listing together reflects the harmony of diverse roles in serving Hashem.

📚 Talmud Citations

This verse is not quoted in the Talmud.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Why are Yissakhar, Zevulun, and Binyamin mentioned together in Exodus 1:3?
A: Rashi explains that these three tribes are grouped together because they represent different spiritual roles. Yissakhar was known for Torah study, Zevulun supported Torah scholars through business, and Binyamin was associated with the Beit Hamikdash (Temple) which would later be built in his territory. This teaches us the importance of different roles working together in serving Hashem.
Q: What is the significance of listing Jacob's sons in Exodus 1?
A: The Torah lists Jacob's sons at the beginning of Exodus to show the transition from the family of Israel to the nation of Israel. As the Ramban explains, this establishes their identity before the Egyptian exile begins. The listing reminds us that despite becoming slaves, they never forgot they were descendants of the holy patriarchs.
Q: How does the mention of these tribes apply to us today?
A: The Midrash teaches that the relationship between Yissakhar (Torah scholars) and Zevulun (supporters) serves as a model for Jewish communal life today. Just as Zevulun's financial support enabled Yissakhar's Torah study, today we maintain the tradition of supporting Torah institutions and scholars, creating a partnership in spiritual growth.