Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What are the stones mentioned in Exodus 39:13?
A: The verse mentions three stones in the fourth row of the Kohen Gadol's (High Priest's) breastplate: 'tarshish' (often translated as emerald), 'shoham' (onyx), and 'yashfeh' (jade). These stones, along with the others on the breastplate, represented the twelve tribes of Israel (Rashi on Exodus 28:17-21).
Q: Why were these stones set in gold?
A: The stones were set in gold to show their importance and holiness. Gold, being a precious metal, was used in the Mishkan (Tabernacle) and for the Kohen Gadol's garments to honor Hashem (Exodus 25:11). The gold settings also ensured the stones stayed securely in place (Rambam, Hilchot Klei HaMikdash 9:7).
Q: What was the purpose of the breastplate stones?
A: The breastplate (Choshen Mishpat) was worn by the Kohen Gadol and had twelve stones representing the twelve tribes of Israel. It was used for divine communication (through the Urim and Tumim) and symbolized the unity of the Jewish people (Talmud Yoma 73a).
Q: Do these stones have any spiritual meaning?
A: Yes, according to Midrashic sources, each stone had unique qualities representing the tribe it stood for. For example, the 'shoham' (onyx) is linked to Yosef (Joseph), symbolizing strength and beauty (Midrash Rabbah, Exodus 38:9). The stones remind us of the special role each tribe plays in Klal Yisrael (the Jewish nation).
Q: Can we learn anything from this verse today?
A: This verse teaches us about the importance of unity and individuality. Just as each stone was unique but set together in gold, every Jew has a unique role, but we are all part of one nation (Talmud Sanhedrin 37a). It also reminds us of the holiness of the Beit HaMikdash (Temple) and our hope for its rebuilding.
The Fourth Row of the Choshen (Breastplate)
The verse describes the fourth row of stones on the Choshen Mishpat (Breastplate of Judgment) worn by the Kohen Gadol (High Priest). According to Rashi (Shemos 28:20), these stones—tarshish (emerald), shoham (onyx), and yashfeh (jasper)—were set in gold settings, just like the other rows. Each stone corresponded to one of the twelve tribes of Israel, as the Choshen served as a means for divine communication (see Rambam, Hilchos Klei HaMikdash 9:7).
Symbolism of the Stones
The Gold Settings
The phrase "museibos mishb’tzos zahav b’miluosam" ("enclosed in fixtures of gold in their settings") teaches, as the Ramban (Shemos 28:20) explains, that each stone was individually set in gold bezels to ensure they remained secure. The gold symbolizes purity and sanctity, reflecting the holiness of the Kohen Gadol’s service.
Divine Communication Through the Choshen
According to the Talmud (Sotah 48b), the stones of the Choshen would illuminate to indicate divine messages. The fourth row, in particular, may have represented judgment and clarity, as the number four often symbolizes completion (e.g., the four directions of the world). The Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 99) adds that the Choshen served as a reminder of the unity of the tribes before Hashem.