Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What does it mean that humans were created 'in the image of God' (B'tzelem Elokim)?
A: The Torah teaches that being created 'in the image of God' means humans possess unique spiritual qualities like free will, intellect, and moral consciousness (Rambam, Moreh Nevuchim 1:1). Unlike animals, we can emulate God's attributes of kindness, justice, and holiness (Midrash Bereishit Rabbah 8:11). This doesn't mean physical resemblance, as God has no form (Rashi on Genesis 1:26).
Q: Why does the verse mention both 'male and female' in God's image?
A: The Torah emphasizes that both men and women equally bear God's image (Talmud, Eruvin 18a). This teaches the fundamental equality of all human beings regardless of gender. The Midrash explains that the first human creation was originally an androgynous being containing both genders before being separated (Bereishit Rabbah 8:1), showing their equal divine origin.
Q: How should 'being created in God's image' affect our behavior?
A: Since every person reflects God's image, we must treat all people with dignity and respect (Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:5). This includes: 1) Not embarrassing others (Talmud, Bava Metzia 58b), 2) Caring for the vulnerable (Leviticus 19:14), and 3) Recognizing that destroying a life is like destroying a world (Sanhedrin 37a). The Rambam writes this concept is the foundation of Jewish ethics (Hilchot Yesodei HaTorah 5:1).
Q: What's the difference between humans and angels if both serve God?
A: While angels perfectly serve God without free will (Rambam, Hilchot Yesodei HaTorah 2:3), humans uniquely combine a divine soul with physicality. Our challenge is to elevate the physical world through mitzvot (Tanya ch. 4). The Talmud says 'The righteous are greater than angels' (Sanhedrin 93a), as we choose holiness despite earthly temptations.
Q: Does 'image of God' apply to non-Jews too?
A: Absolutely. The Talmud states all humanity descends from one ancestor to show no person can claim superior lineage (Sanhedrin 37a). The Noahide laws given to all nations are based on this shared divine image (Rambam, Melachim 9:1). However, Jews have additional responsibilities through the Torah covenant while maintaining belief in universal human dignity.
The Divine Image in Mankind
The verse states that mankind was created "בְּצֶלֶם אֱלֹהִים" (in the image of God). Rashi explains that this refers to the unique intellectual and moral capacity given to humans, distinguishing them from other creatures. The Tzelem Elokim (Divine image) grants humanity the ability to reason, make ethical choices, and emulate God's attributes of compassion and justice (Rashi on Bereishit 1:26).
Male and Female in Unity
The verse emphasizes that both male and female were created in God's image: "זָכָר וּנְקֵבָה בָּרָא אֹתָם". The Midrash (Bereishit Rabbah 8:1) teaches that Adam was initially created as a single being containing both male and female aspects, later separated into distinct entities. This underscores the equal Divine imprint in both genders and their complementary roles in fulfilling humanity's purpose.
Rambam's Philosophical Perspective
Rambam (Moreh Nevuchim 1:1) elaborates that the "image of God" refers to the human capacity for intellectual apprehension—the ability to understand abstract concepts and pursue wisdom. Unlike animals driven by instinct, humans can comprehend divine truths and elevate themselves through Torah study and mitzvot.
Practical Implications from Talmudic Sources
Kabbalistic Interpretation
The Zohar (Bereishit 47a) explains that the Tzelem Elokim refers to the soul's divine spark, which mirrors the sefirotic structure of the upper worlds. This spiritual likeness enables humans to serve as partners with God in perfecting creation through Torah and mitzvot.