Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What does Genesis 31:39 mean?
A: In Genesis 31:39, Yaakov (Jacob) is explaining to Lavan (Laban) how he responsibly cared for Lavan's flocks. He says he never brought torn animals (טְרֵפָה) to Lavan, even though predators sometimes attacked the sheep. Instead, Yaakov took personal responsibility and compensated Lavan for any losses, whether they happened by day or night. This shows Yaakov's honesty and dedication as a shepherd.
Q: Why is this verse important in Judaism?
A: This verse is important because it teaches the Jewish value of integrity in business and work (משפט וממון). Yaakov demonstrates the high standard of responsibility expected in Jewish law (Halacha), where one must take accountability for property entrusted to them. The Talmud (Bava Metzia 93b) discusses this principle, showing how Yaakov went beyond the strict legal requirement (לפנים משורת הדין).
Q: What lesson can we learn from Yaakov's words in this verse?
A: We learn from Yaakov that a righteous person takes responsibility beyond the minimum requirement. Even though predators attacking flocks might not have been Yaakov's fault (see Rashi on this verse), he still compensated Lavan. This teaches us the Jewish ideal of נפש חביבה - going beyond the letter of the law to maintain trust and do what's right.
Q: How does this apply to modern work ethics?
A: This verse sets a standard for Jewish work ethics today. Just as Yaakov was scrupulously honest with Lavan's property, we must be equally careful with others' possessions or money entrusted to us. The Rambam (Hilchot Sekhirut 3:2) rules based on this that workers must protect their employer's property from damage or theft, showing how Torah principles guide business conduct in all generations.
Q: What does 'torn by beasts' (טְרֵפָה) refer to in this context?
A: Here, טְרֵפָה refers to sheep or goats that were attacked and killed by wild animals while under Yaakov's care. According to Jewish law (Exodus 22:12), a shepherd isn't liable for such unavoidable losses unless proven negligent. Yet Yaakov voluntarily repaid Lavan anyway (see Ibn Ezra on this verse), showing extraordinary righteousness in his business dealings.
Context of the Verse
This verse (Genesis 31:39) is part of Yaakov's (Jacob's) response to Lavan (Laban) after their confrontation. Yaakov recounts his years of faithful service as a shepherd, emphasizing his integrity in caring for Lavan's flocks despite Lavan's unjust treatment. The verse highlights Yaakov's righteousness in not burdening Lavan with losses that were beyond his control.
Explanation of Key Phrases
Halachic Insights
The Talmud (Bava Metzia 93b) discusses this verse in the context of a shepherd's responsibilities. While Torah law (Shemot 22:12-13) exempts a paid shepherd from liability for tereifah (an animal torn by beasts) or gezel (theft) unless negligence is proven, Yaakov held himself to a higher standard. The Rambam (Hilchot Sekhirut 3:2) cites this as an example of lifnim mishurat hadin (going beyond the letter of the law), a moral ideal for those seeking to embody complete righteousness.
Moral Lessons
The Midrash Tanchuma (Vayeitzei 12) emphasizes that Yaakov's conduct here reflects the ethical foundation of the Jewish people. By taking responsibility even for unavoidable losses, Yaakov models the values of emet (truth) and emunah (trustworthiness) that would define his descendants. This aligns with the principle in Pirkei Avot (2:1): "What is the straight path a person should choose? That which is honorable to oneself and honorable in the eyes of others."