Genesis 34:22 - Circumcision for unity's price?

Context in Bereishit (Genesis)

The verse (Bereishit 34:15) appears in the narrative of Shechem and Dinah, where the sons of Yaakov propose a condition to the men of Shechem for peaceful coexistence: circumcision of all males. This demand is framed as a prerequisite for unity ("to be one people").

Rashi's Commentary

Rashi explains that the brothers presented this condition deceitfully, as they had no true intention of forming a lasting alliance with Shechem. Their demand for circumcision was a tactical measure, as they knew the pain of circumcision would weaken the men of Shechem, enabling Shimon and Levi to attack them (Rashi on Bereishit 34:13).

Halachic Perspective (Rambam)

Rambam (Hilchot Melachim 10:2) discusses the prohibition against deceit in dealings with non-Jews, derived from this episode. While the brothers' actions were justified due to the violation of Dinah, Rambam emphasizes that such tactics are generally forbidden unless there is a clear threat to Jewish lives or dignity.

Midrashic Interpretation

The Midrash (Bereishit Rabbah 80:10) notes the irony in the brothers using the mitzvah of brit milah (circumcision) as a weapon. It highlights that circumcision is meant to be a sacred covenant with Hashem, not a tool for political manipulation. The Midrash criticizes their approach while acknowledging the gravity of Dinah's abduction.

Moral and Ethical Lessons

• Sanctity of Mitzvot: Using a mitzvah for ulterior motives diminishes its holiness (Sforno on Bereishit 34:13).
• Limits of Deceit: While the brothers' actions were situationally justified, the Torah later records Yaakov's disapproval (Bereishit 49:5-7), teaching that ends do not always justify means.
• Covenantal Identity: The demand for circumcision underscores that true unity with Am Yisrael requires acceptance of divine commandments (Malbim on Bereishit 34:15).