Genesis 37:29 - Reuven's tragic discovery: Yosef gone?

Reuven's Return and Reaction

The verse (Bereshit 37:29) describes Reuven's shock upon discovering Yosef's absence from the pit. Rashi explains that Reuven had initially planned to return Yosef to Yaakov, as he was the firstborn and felt responsible. When he saw Yosef was gone, he tore his garments in grief, realizing his brothers had acted without his knowledge. This act of tearing clothes (קריעת בגדים) is a sign of mourning and distress, later codified in halacha for tragic situations.

Reuven's Intentions and Leadership

According to the Midrash (Bereshit Rabbah 84:19), Reuven had temporarily left his brothers to attend to his father, demonstrating his sense of duty. The Ramban suggests that Reuven's return to the pit reflects his sincere attempt to mitigate the brothers' plot, as he had previously advised throwing Yosef into the pit rather than killing him (Bereshit 37:22). His leadership role is underscored by his emotional response.

Theological Implications

• Divine Providence: The Sforno notes that Reuven's absence allowed the sale of Yosef to proceed, ultimately fulfilling Hashem's plan for the Jewish people's descent to Egypt.
• Moral Responsibility: The Kli Yakar emphasizes that Reuven's tearing of garments symbolizes his recognition of a moral failure—his inability to prevent Yosef's suffering despite his good intentions.

Halachic Parallels

The Gemara (Moed Katan 26a) discusses קריעת בגדים as a halachic response to hearing tragic news, linking Reuven's action to later Jewish mourning practices. The Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De'ah 340) codifies this as a mitzvah in cases of a parent's passing, showing how biblical narratives inform halachic tradition.