Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What does Genesis 49:17 mean when it says 'Dan shall be a serpent by the way'?
A: This verse is part of Yaakov's blessings to his sons before his passing. Rashi explains that the tribe of Dan would be like a 'serpent'—stealthy and cunning in battle, striking enemies unexpectedly (like Shimshon, a judge from Dan who fought the Philistines). The imagery symbolizes their ability to defend Israel against threats.
Q: Why is the tribe of Dan compared to a snake in this verse?
A: The Midrash (Bereishit Rabbah 98:14) teaches that the comparison highlights Dan's role in protecting the Jewish people. Just as a snake strikes quickly and defends itself, Dan would ambush enemies (like in Judges 18, where Dan conquers Laish). Ramban adds that this also hints at future leaders from Dan, like Shimshon, who fought Israel's oppressors.
Q: What lesson can we learn from Genesis 49:17 today?
A: The verse teaches the importance of vigilance and strategic thinking in overcoming challenges. Just as Dan used cunning to protect the nation, we must be wise in defending Jewish values. The Talmud (Sanhedrin 93a) also connects this to the idea that even 'small' actions (like a snakebite) can have great consequences.
Q: How does the phrase 'bites the horse’s heels' relate to the tribe of Dan?
A: Rashi explains that Dan would attack enemies from behind ('heels'), causing their downfall unexpectedly. The horse and rider symbolize powerful foes (like the Philistines), but Dan’s tactics—like a snake targeting vulnerabilities—would lead to their defeat. This reflects the tribe’s role in battles (e.g., Judges 5:17 mentions Dan 'staying in ships,' possibly for surprise attacks).
Q: Is there a deeper meaning to the rider falling backward in this verse?
A: Yes. The Midrash (Tanchuma Vayechi 11) suggests this symbolizes the downfall of arrogance—the rider’s backward fall represents humiliation of those who oppose Israel. The Talmud (Sotah 10a) also links it to Hashem’s protection: just as Dan’s actions cause enemies to stumble, Divine help ensures Israel’s survival against stronger foes.
Overview of the Verse
The verse (Bereshit 49:17) is part of Yaakov Avinu's blessings to his sons before his passing. Here, Yaakov describes the tribe of Dan using the imagery of a serpent lying in wait on the path, striking at the heels of a horse and causing its rider to fall backward. This metaphor carries deep significance in Jewish tradition regarding the role and destiny of the tribe of Dan.
Rashi's Commentary
Rashi explains that this imagery refers to Shimshon (Samson), a descendant of Dan, who fought against the Philistines. Just as a serpent strikes suddenly and stealthily, Shimshon would ambush Israel's enemies in unexpected ways. The "horse's heels" symbolize the vulnerable points of the enemy, and the "rider falling backward" represents the downfall of the oppressors.
Midrashic Interpretation
The Midrash (Bereshit Rabbah 98:14) elaborates that Dan's role is to bring retribution against Israel's enemies. The comparison to a serpent highlights Dan's cunning and ability to strike when least expected. Additionally, the Midrash connects this imagery to the future role of the tribe of Dan in the days of Mashiach, where they will stand firm against the forces of evil.
Rambam's Perspective
While Rambam does not comment directly on this verse, his teachings on divine providence and justice align with the idea that Dan's role is to execute Hashem's judgment against oppressors. The serpent metaphor underscores the precision and inevitability of divine retribution.
Symbolism of the Serpent
Historical Context
The tribe of Dan was known for its warriors and its role in defending Israel. The imagery of the serpent reflects their military tactics and their reliance on Hashem's help to overcome stronger foes. The fall of the rider backward signifies the complete overthrow of enemy forces.