Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What does Leviticus 11:12 mean about fish without fins and scales?
A: Leviticus 11:12 teaches that any sea creature lacking both fins and scales is considered non-kosher (טרף) and forbidden to eat. This is part of the Torah's laws of kashrut (dietary laws). Rashi explains that fins and scales are signs distinguishing permitted from forbidden sea creatures.
Q: Why are fins and scales important for kosher fish?
A: Fins and scales serve as identifying markers of kosher fish according to halacha (Jewish law). The Talmud (Chullin 66b) states that any fish possessing scales will also have fins, but the Torah mentions both characteristics to provide a clear sign for identification. Rambam (Hilchot Ma'achalot Asurot 1:24) elaborates on these defining traits.
Q: What are some examples of non-kosher sea creatures based on this verse?
A: Common examples include shellfish like shrimp, lobster, crab, and clams, as well as creatures like squid and octopus - all of which lack true scales. The Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De'ah 83:1) provides detailed classifications based on these Torah criteria.
Q: How do we apply Leviticus 11:12 today when buying fish?
A: When purchasing fish, Orthodox Jews verify that the fish has removable scales (קשקשים הנראים לעין) while still in the water. Common kosher fish include salmon, tuna, and herring. Many rely on reliable kosher certifications to ensure proper adherence to these laws. The Rema (Yoreh De'ah 83:1) discusses practical applications of these rules.
Q: What's the spiritual reason behind the fins and scales requirement?
A: While the Torah doesn't specify reasons for mitzvot, our sages suggest symbolic meanings. Scales represent protection from negative influences (like armor), while fins propel forward - teaching us to grow spiritually (Midrash Vayikra Rabbah 13:3). The Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 155) connects this to developing spiritual discernment.
Understanding the Prohibition
The verse (Vayikra 11:12) states that any creature in the water lacking both fins (snapir) and scales (kaskeset) is considered an abomination (sheketz) and forbidden for consumption. This is part of the Torah's broader laws of kashrut, delineating permissible and non-permissible foods.
Rashi's Explanation
Rashi (Vayikra 11:9) clarifies that the presence of both fins and scales is required for a sea creature to be kosher. He notes that while all fish with scales also have fins, the Torah specifies both to emphasize that only those possessing both traits are permitted. This serves as a safeguard to prevent confusion or leniency in identifying kosher species.
Rambam's Rationale
In Moreh Nevuchim (3:48), Rambam suggests that the dietary laws, including this prohibition, serve to cultivate discipline and holiness. Non-kosher sea creatures, often scavengers or predators, symbolize traits contrary to the refined behavior expected of Bnei Yisrael. By abstaining, one elevates their spiritual and ethical conduct.
Halachic Implications
Symbolic Meaning in Midrash
The Midrash (Vayikra Rabbah 13:3) connects fins and scales to spiritual virtues: fins represent movement (derech eretz and moral progress), while scales symbolize protection (tzniut and boundaries). A kosher fish thus embodies traits of growth and sanctity, aligning with the Jewish mission.
Practical Application
Poskim emphasize checking for scales by scraping a fish's skin; if scales detach easily, the fish is kosher (Shach, Yoreh De'ah 83:1). Common kosher fish (e.g., salmon, tuna) exhibit these traits, while shellfish (e.g., shrimp, lobster) lack them entirely and are prohibited.