Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What does Leviticus 21:18 mean?
A: Leviticus 21:18 states that a Kohen (priest) with certain physical blemishes cannot serve in the Temple. This includes being blind, lame, having a disfigured nose, or any other physical imperfection. The Torah emphasizes the importance of physical wholeness for those performing sacred duties in the Mishkan (Tabernacle) or Beit Hamikdash (Temple). Rashi explains that this teaches us the need for dignity and perfection in divine service.
Q: Why can't a Kohen with a blemish serve in the Temple?
A: A Kohen with a physical blemish is restricted from serving in the Temple to maintain the dignity and sanctity of the service. The Rambam (Hilchot Bi'at HaMikdash 7:1) explains that this law ensures that the Kohanim performing sacred duties appear whole and unblemished, reflecting the perfection of divine worship. However, a Kohen with a blemish may still eat from the holy offerings (Terumah) and perform other non-Temple duties.
Q: Does this verse mean people with disabilities are less valued?
A: No, this verse does not imply that people with disabilities are less valued in Judaism. The restriction applies only to Kohanim performing Temple service, not to their general status or worth. The Talmud (Chullin 24b) teaches that all Jews, regardless of physical condition, are equally precious before Hashem. The Torah's laws regarding Kohanim relate solely to the specific requirements of Temple service, not personal worth.
Q: How does this verse apply today without the Temple?
A: Today, since the Temple is not standing, these laws do not practically apply. However, the principle still teaches us about the importance of approaching sacred matters with dignity and respect. The Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 275) explains that this mitzvah reminds us to honor holy spaces and rituals with proper reverence, even in our daily lives.
Q: What is considered a 'blemish' for a Kohen according to Jewish law?
A: The Mishnah (Bechorot 7:1-7) lists over 140 physical conditions that disqualify a Kohen from Temple service, including blindness, lameness, missing limbs, or even certain skin discolorations. The Rambam (Hilchot Bi'at HaMikdash 8) provides detailed criteria, explaining that any noticeable physical imperfection that affects appearance or movement would generally qualify as a 'mum' (blemish) for this purpose.
Context in the Torah
The verse (Vayikra 21:18) appears in the context of the laws pertaining to kohanim (priests) and the physical blemishes that disqualify them from performing the Temple service. This is part of a broader discussion about the sanctity and purity required of those who serve in the Mishkan (Tabernacle) and later the Beit HaMikdash (Holy Temple).
Rashi's Explanation
Rashi (Vayikra 21:18) explains that the phrase "lo yikrav" ("he shall not approach") specifically refers to the prohibition against a kohen with a blemish performing the avodah (Temple service). He notes that the blemishes listed—blindness, lameness, a flat nose, or any physical deformity—are examples, but the prohibition extends to any permanent physical defect that mars the kohen's appearance.
Rambam's Halachic Perspective
Rambam (Hilchot Bi'at HaMikdash 7:1) codifies this law, stating that a kohen with any of the 140 blemishes enumerated in the Mishnah (Bechorot 7:1-6) is disqualified from performing the Temple service. However, he may still partake of the terumah (priestly portions) and other sanctified foods.
Symbolic Meaning in Midrash
The Midrash (Vayikra Rabbah 7:1) offers a deeper interpretation, suggesting that the physical perfection required of the kohanim symbolizes the spiritual perfection needed when approaching the Divine service. Just as physical blemishes are outwardly visible, so too must the kohen's character be unblemished in his devotion to Hashem.
Practical Implications