Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What does Numbers 15:22 mean?
A: Numbers 15:22 discusses the concept of unintentional sin (שגגה, 'shogeg')—when the Jewish people as a whole or an individual mistakenly fails to observe one of Hashem's commandments. The Torah teaches that even unintentional errors require atonement, showing the importance of mindfulness in fulfilling mitzvot.
Q: Why is the idea of unintentional sin important in Judaism?
A: Unintentional sin is important because Judaism emphasizes responsibility for our actions, even mistakes. The Talmud (Horayot 2a) discusses communal atonement for such errors, teaching that we must strive for awareness and correct our oversights. Rambam (Hilchot Shegagot) explains the detailed laws of sacrifices brought for unintentional sins, highlighting repentance and accountability.
Q: What can we learn from Numbers 15:22 about mistakes?
A: This verse teaches that mistakes—even unintentional ones—matter in our relationship with Hashem. Rashi explains that the Torah provides a way to atone for errors, encouraging us to reflect, correct ourselves, and grow. It reminds us to study Torah diligently to avoid misunderstandings of halacha (Jewish law).
Q: How does the concept of unintentional sin apply today without the Temple?
A: Today, without the Temple, we cannot bring sacrifices for unintentional sins. However, the principle remains: we repent through tefillah (prayer), tzedakah (charity), and teshuva (repentance), as taught by the Rambam (Hilchot Teshuva). The verse reminds us to seek forgiveness and improve our observance, even for mistakes made unknowingly.
Q: Does Numbers 15:22 apply to all mitzvot or only specific ones?
A: The verse refers to unintentional violations of 'all these commandments.' The Talmud (Keritot 2a) clarifies that this includes mitzvot with a clear prohibition (לאו) or positive command (עשה). However, some details (like which sins require sacrifices) depend on specific circumstances, as discussed in halachic literature.
Context in the Torah
The verse (Bamidbar 15:22) appears in the context of the laws concerning unintentional sins (shogeg), particularly communal offerings brought for inadvertent transgressions. It emphasizes that even when the entire community errs in failing to observe a mitzvah, there is a path to atonement through the korban chatat (sin offering).
Rashi's Explanation
Rashi (Bamidbar 15:22) clarifies that this verse refers specifically to cases where the Sanhedrin (the High Court) issues an erroneous ruling that leads the people to transgress unintentionally. The Torah provides a mechanism for rectification through the communal sin offering, demonstrating Hashem's mercy even for mistakes made in good faith.
Rambam's Perspective
In Hilchot Shegagot (Laws of Unintentional Transgressions 12:1), the Rambam explains that this verse establishes the principle of chatat tzibbur—a communal atonement process when the majority of Israel sins due to a mistaken ruling. The offering serves as a kaparah (atonement) for the entire nation, highlighting collective responsibility in halachic observance.
Talmudic Discussion
The Gemara (Horayot 2b-3a) analyzes this verse extensively, deriving that:
Midrashic Insight
The Sifrei (Bamidbar 112) connects this verse to the idea that even when Klal Yisrael stumbles in mitzvah observance, their essential connection to Hashem remains intact. The very fact that the Torah provides a remedy demonstrates that inadvertent sins do not sever the bond between G-d and His people.
Practical Halachic Implications
Later poskim, such as the Ketzot HaChoshen, note that this verse teaches the importance of: