Numbers 20:21 - Edom blocks Israel's path

Context in the Torah

The verse (Bamidbar 20:21) describes how Edom refused Bnei Yisrael passage through their territory during their journey toward Eretz Yisrael. This occurs after Moshe Rabbeinu sends a peaceful request to the king of Edom, emphasizing their shared ancestry through Yaakov and Esav (Bamidbar 20:14-17).

Rashi's Explanation

Rashi (Bamidbar 20:21) notes that Edom's refusal was particularly harsh, as they not only denied passage but also threatened war ("vayetzei Edom likrato b'am kaved uv'yad chazakah"). This demonstrates a lack of brotherly compassion, despite Moshe's diplomatic approach. Rashi also highlights that Bnei Yisrael's response—turning away without conflict—fulfilled the mitzvah of not provoking Edom (Devarim 2:4-5), as they were descendants of Esav.

Rambam's Perspective

Rambam (Hilchot Melachim 5:1) derives from this episode that even during wartime, one must first attempt peaceful negotiations (darchei shalom) before engaging in battle. Moshe's respectful appeal to Edom serves as a model for ethical conduct between nations.

Midrashic Insights

• The Midrash Tanchuma (Chukat 5) connects Edom's hostility to the ancient rivalry between Yaakov and Esav, suggesting this was a continuation of Esav's resentment (Bereishit 27:41).
• Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer (Chapter 42) teaches that Edom's refusal was a missed opportunity for reconciliation, as Bnei Yisrael would have blessed them in return for kindness.

Halachic Implications

The Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 527) cites this incident as the basis for the prohibition against antagonizing Edom's descendants (later identified with Rome and other nations). Even in exile, Jews are cautioned to avoid unnecessary conflict with these nations, as Bnei Yisrael demonstrated by peacefully withdrawing.