Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What does the vow in Numbers 21:2 mean?
A: In Numbers 21:2, the Israelites (Yisra'el) made a vow to Hashem, promising that if He would grant them victory over the Canaanite king of Arad, they would completely dedicate ('herem') the enemy's cities to destruction. This means they would not take any spoils for themselves but would utterly destroy the cities as an offering to Hashem. Rashi explains that this vow was made with the approval of Moshe (Moses), showing their commitment to fulfilling Hashem's will in conquering the land.
Q: Why did the Israelites make this vow in Numbers 21:2?
A: The Israelites made this vow because they were facing battle with the Canaanite king of Arad, who had attacked them (Numbers 21:1). They sought Hashem's help to ensure victory. The Midrash (Bamidbar Rabbah) teaches that vows can be a way to inspire divine mercy or demonstrate sincerity in times of need. Here, they pledged to dedicate the enemy's cities to Hashem, showing their trust in Him and their willingness to follow His commandments regarding the conquest of Canaan.
Q: What is the significance of 'herem' (destruction) in this verse?
A: 'Herem' (חֵרֶם) in this verse refers to the complete dedication of something to Hashem, often through destruction, with no personal benefit taken. According to Rambam (Hilchot Melachim 6:1-4), 'herem' in war was a biblical commandment when conquering the seven Canaanite nations, ensuring no assimilation with their idolatrous practices. The Israelites' vow in Numbers 21:2 reflects their commitment to this principle, removing any temptation to adopt the Canaanites' ways.
Q: How does this verse apply to us today?
A: While we no longer wage physical wars like the Israelites did, the concept of 'herem' teaches us about complete dedication to Hashem. The Talmud (Nedarim 8a) discusses how vows can help strengthen one's spiritual commitment. Today, we apply this idea by removing negative influences (like harmful habits or distractions) from our lives, just as the Israelites removed idolatry from the land. The verse reminds us to prioritize our relationship with Hashem above all else.
Q: Did the Israelites fulfill this vow in Numbers 21:2?
A: Yes, the Torah later states (Numbers 21:3) that Hashem heard their vow and delivered the Canaanites into their hands, and the Israelites fulfilled their promise by destroying the cities. Rashi notes that they named the place 'Hormah' (related to 'herem') as a reminder of their vow. This teaches the importance of keeping one's word, especially vows made to Hashem, as emphasized in the Talmud (Rosh Hashanah 6a).
Context of the Verse
The verse (Numbers 21:2) describes a vow made by the Israelites during their travels in the wilderness, specifically in response to a confrontation with the Canaanite king of Arad. This vow reflects their commitment to Hashem in exchange for victory in battle.
Rashi's Explanation
Rashi (Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki) explains that this vow was made by the entire nation of Israel, not just an individual. He notes that the phrase "וַיִּדַּר יִשְׂרָאֵל" ("And Israel vowed") indicates collective action. Rashi also highlights that the vow was conditional—only if Hashem granted them victory would they consecrate the spoils of war to Him.
Rambam's Perspective
Rambam (Maimonides) discusses the laws of vows in Hilchot Nedarim and emphasizes the gravity of making a vow to Hashem. He teaches that vows must be taken seriously and fulfilled with precision. In this case, the Israelites' vow demonstrates their recognition of divine assistance in battle and their willingness to sanctify the victory to Hashem.
Midrashic Insights
The Midrash (Bamidbar Rabbah 19:3) elaborates on the Israelites' motivation for this vow. It suggests that they sought to rectify the sin of the spies (Numbers 13-14), who had caused the nation to doubt Hashem's ability to conquer the land. By making this vow, the Israelites reaffirmed their trust in Hashem's power and their commitment to His commandments.
The Concept of Cheirem (Devotion to Destruction)
Spiritual Lessons
This verse teaches the importance of recognizing Hashem's hand in our successes and responding with gratitude and dedication. The Israelites' vow serves as a model for how to approach challenges with faith and commitment to divine will.