Numbers 25:13 - Eternal priesthood for zeal?

Context of the Verse

This verse (Bamidbar 25:13) refers to Pinchas ben Elazar, who demonstrated extraordinary zealotry (kinah) by acting against Zimri and Kozbi, thereby stopping a plague that had struck Bnei Yisrael. As a reward, Hashem granted him and his descendants the eternal covenant of priesthood (brit kehunat olam).

Explanation of "Brit Kehunat Olam"

Rashi explains that Pinchas was not originally included among the Kohanim at the time of their initial consecration (during the Mishkan's inauguration). However, due to his zealous act, he was granted the priesthood retroactively. The Ramban adds that this covenant ensured that the priesthood would remain in Pinchas’ lineage forever, distinguishing his descendants as Kohanim.

The Nature of Pinchas’ Zealotry

The Talmud (Sanhedrin 82a) discusses Pinchas’ actions, emphasizing that his motivation was purely for the sake of Heaven (l’shem shamayim). The Midrash (Bamidbar Rabbah 21:3) states that Pinchas risked his life to uphold Hashem’s honor, mirroring the zealotry of Levi in Shechem (Bereishit 34). However, the Sages caution that such actions are only permissible under very specific circumstances and with pure intent.

Atonement for Bnei Yisrael

The phrase "vayechaper al Bnei Yisrael" ("and made atonement for the children of Israel") is interpreted by the Sforno to mean that Pinchas’ act halted the plague, serving as a kaparah (atonement) for the nation. The Kli Yakar elaborates that his intervention restored divine favor, preventing further punishment.

Eternal Covenant and Its Implications

• Rambam (Hilchot Klei HaMikdash 4:1): Pinchas’ priesthood was unique because it was granted directly by Hashem, unlike the general Kehunah given to Aharon’s descendants.
• Malbim: The term "olam" (everlasting) signifies that this covenant would endure even in future generations, ensuring that the descendants of Pinchas would always retain their priestly status.